You can exclude both "patents" and "citations" (which are results Google Scholar has not found online) by using the filters on the search results page.

Here is the step-by-step process.

How to Exclude "Patents" and "Citations"

1. Perform Your Initial Search: Go to Google Scholar and type in your keywords (e.g., "machine learning" AND "healthcare"). Press Enter.

2. Look at the Left Sidebar: On the search results page, look to the left-hand sidebar.

3. Deselect "Include Patents": You will see two checkboxes at the bottom of the filter list:

   • [✓] include patents

   • [✓] include citations

4. Click the checkboxes to uncheck both "include patents" and "include citations."

5. Your Results Will Update: The page will automatically refresh, and your search results will now exclude both patent literature and "citation-only" entries.

Why This is Useful

• Excluding Patents: This is helpful when you are conducting a literature review and only want to see academic articles (journals, conferences, books) and not legal patent documents, which have a different purpose and format.

• Excluding Citations: A result marked [CITATION] is an article that Google knows exists (because other papers have cited it) but that it has not been able to find online. Unchecking this box ensures that every result on your list has a source you can (in most cases) click on, review, or attempt to access.

This simple two-click filtering can significantly clean up your search results and focus them on accessible, peer-reviewed literature.

Do you need help with any other advanced Google Scholar search operators, such as searching by author (author:) or in the title (allintitle:)?