Call for papers/Topics All Abstracts, Reviews, short articles, Full articles, Posters are welcomed related with any of the following research fields: 1. Molecular Biology Molecular biology focuses on the structure, function, and interactions of cellular molecules, primarily nucleic acids and proteins. DNA Structure and Replication Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, phosphodiester bonds, double helix geometry (A, B, and Z DNA), and RNA structural variants. DNA Replication Mechanisms: Semi-conservative replication, replication forks, leading and lagging strand synthesis, and Okazaki fragments. Enzymology of Replication: DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase, and topoisomerases. Telomere Maintenance: Telomerase function and cellular aging. Gene Expression: Transcription Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Transcription: Promoters, enhancers, silencers, and RNA polymerases. Transcription Phases: Initiation (transcription factors), elongation, and termination. Post-Transcriptional Modifications: 5' capping, polyadenylation (poly-A tail), and pre-mRNA splicing (spliceosomes, alternative splicing). Gene Expression: Translation The Genetic Code: Codons, degeneracy, and wobble hypothesis. Ribosome Structure and Assembly: A, P, and E sites, ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Transfer RNA (tRNA): Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNA charging. Translation Phases: Initiation factors, elongation (peptide bond formation), and termination (release factors). Post-Translational Modifications: Phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and protein folding (chaperones). 2. Cellular Biology Cell biology examines the structural components, metabolic processes, and life cycle of the cell. Cellular Architecture and Organelles Membrane Dynamics: Phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model, selective permeability, and transport mechanisms (active transport, passive diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis). The Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Energy Transducers: Mitochondria (cellular respiration, ATP synthesis) and Chloroplasts (photosynthesis). The Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules (cell motility, intracellular transport). Cell Signaling and Communication Signal Transduction Pathways: Ligand-receptor interactions, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), and intracellular receptors. Second Messengers: cAMP, calcium ions Ca2+, and IP3/DAG. Cellular Responses: Gene activation, metabolic shifts, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Cell Cycle and Division Phases of the Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M-phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Regulation and Checkpoints: Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs), and the tumor suppressor p53. Meiosis: Gamete formation, homologous recombination (crossing over), and independent assortment. 3. Genetics (The Patterns of Inheritance) Genetics explores how traits are passed down through generations and how genetic variation occurs. Classical (Mendelian) Genetics Mendel’s Laws: Segregation and Independent Assortment. Allelic Interactions: Complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and lethal alleles. Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic traits, and sex-linked inheritance (X-linked disorders). Genetic Mapping: Linkage, recombination frequency, and pedigree analysis. Cytogenetics and Chromosomal Abnormalities Chromosomal Structure: Karyotypes, centromeres, and kinetochores. Numerical Abnormalities: Aneuploidy (monosomy, trisomy like Down syndrome) caused by nondisjunction. Structural Abnormalities: Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Population and Quantitative Genetics Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Allele frequencies, equilibrium conditions, and evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow). Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Continuous variation, heritability, and environmental influences. 4. Interrelated & Interdisciplinary Topics These topics bridge the gap between genetics, cell biology, and molecular mechanics, representing modern biomedical science. Regulation of Gene Expression Operons: Prokaryotic gene regulation (e.g., lac operon, trp operon). Epigenetics: DNA methylation, histone modification (acetylation/methylation), chromatin remodeling, and genomic imprinting. Non-coding RNAs: MicroRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA) in RNA interference (RNAi). Cancer Biology Oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes: Gain-of-function mutations driving uncontrolled cell division. Tumor Suppressor Genes: Loss-of-function mutations disabling cell cycle checkpoints (e.g., Rb, BRCA1/2). Metastasis and Angiogenesis: Cellular alterations allowing tissue invasion and blood supply recruitment. Genomics and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Technology: Cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, and plasmid insertion. Molecular Techniques: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, Western/Southern/Northern blotting, and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Genome Editing: CRISPR-Cas9 mechanisms, guide RNA design, and ethical implications. Functional Genomics: Transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics analyzing whole-genome data. Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression: Morphogens, homeobox (Hox) genes, and embryonic axis patterning. Stem Cell Biology: Pluripotency, differentiation pathways, and cellular reprogramming (iPSCs).